1. not spread around widely enough
B. 1st important French encyclopedia
1. medicine
a. diseases and treatments
b. surgery
c. provided second opinion for patients
2. technology
a. textiles
b. mining
c. printing
3. science
a. every branch
b. new idea of chemistry
4. sports
a. fencing (save lives)
II. Condorcet
A. Progress
of the Human Mind
1. education
a. social iniquity (peasants and nobles)
b. male/female inequality
c. economic inequality
d. no more war (unjust, cruel, unfair)
e. imperialism wrong
f. medical care increase
g. become good people
i. delight in virtue
ii. forget greed
iii. live in Elysium (paradise)
2. underestimates the difficulty of all this
III. Rousseau
A. believed in ideal political and social system by organization
B. not a very nice person
C. Confessions (autobiographical)
1. intelligent, good looking
2. thought world owed him a living
a. no hard work
3. music copyist
4. gigolo
a. made a good living
5. dishonest
a. thief and liar
6. Paris
a. 5 children with Theresa
b. abandons them
7. parties
a. purchases prostitutes
b. degrading
D. answer?
1. Judgment Day
a. good and bad compared
b. let everyone else say what they have done
2. advocates changing of society, not heart
E. The Social Contract
1. just and good society
2. create a society given “men as they are and laws as they might be”
3. look at man in state of nature (Hobbes and Locke)
a. gov’t formed=social contract
i. natural rights vs. civil liberties
ii. Rousseau believes in civil liberties
4. natural rights
a. no one has the right to rule anyone else
b. gov’t job to protect property
c. only lose life when you violate someone else’s right to life
d. capital punishment
e. tolerance
i. religion
ii. fair market
5. civil liberties (Rousseau)
a. gov’t has duty to get rid of differences (equality of all)
b. acceptable to take $ and property to make others equal
c. gov’t can take away life
i. advocates abortion
a. man and women can both walk away
d. society’s fault, not the person’s
i. reform people, no executions
e. tolerate all religions that are tolerant
i. can’t interfere with state
ii. religions teaching only way to salvation should not
be tolerated
6. believes no society is doing what it should
a. how to get from bad to good
b. General Will (what we want to be true)
i. always right
ii. express General Will
a. democratic decision
iii. courts, not a majority
c. change gov’t often
d. every 500 years a good society forms
7. result=society is so miserable/anything is justified
IV. Philosophes had problem with Christianity
A. developed Deism
1. a creator
2. rituals irrational
3. didn’t like clergy
4. didn’t like miracles
5. devil irrational
V. Leibnitz
A. Optimism
B. mathematician
C. world constructed of monads that work together
1. one big monad-God
2. God chose for us the best of all worlds
a. world with a little evil and a lot of good
3. not possible to have a world with no evil
a. free will is necessary
VI. Voltaire
A. historian, playwright, writer
B. laughter
1. win with laughter, even if lost
2. makes fun of everything
C. get rid of class differences
D. free will-always choosing between evils
E. envisions a better world-El Dorado
F. answer to the problem of evil
1. cultivate your own garden
2. natural law not clear
3. doesn’t explain evil
a. believes God needs evil
VII. Kant
A. German philosopher
B. poor
C. very rigid routine
D. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics and Critique of Pure Reason
1. Reason alone can prove nothing
2. categorical imperative
a. how behave in situations
b. show us our duty
c. do unto others…
i. human minds shows us
3. reason shows us what our duty is and shows us what we can do
a. makes us happy-when we do our duty
b. will be happy